Understanding the Interplay of Brain Networks in ADHD

When we talk about ADHD, we often reference executive functions and the prefrontal cortex (PFC). But research into the brain structures involved in the Default Mode Network (DMN), Task-Positive Network (TPN), and Salience Network (SN) has changed our understanding of the brain and its interplay in those with ADHD. 

The Default Mode Network is active when our attention is directed inward. It supports activities such as daydreaming, self-reflection, imagining the future, recalling memories, and thinking about ourselves and others. The DMN is essential for creativity, problem-solving, and making meaning of our experiences.

The Task-Positive Network becomes active when we focus on an external task. It helps us pay attention, solve problems, learn new information, and stay engaged with our environment. When the TPN is active, the brain is better able to filter distractions and maintain goal-directed behavior.

The Salience Network is a set of brain regions that work together, analyzing internal and external input, to determine where focus should be directed. It is responsible for turning on the TPN or DMN.

When a task needs focused attention, the TPN should become more active and the DMN decreases activity. When the task is complete, the DMN can re-engage, allowing for reflection and creativity.

Brain scans have shown that people with ADHD can have weakened activity between these three networks, making the transition between networks less efficient. The DMN may remain active when attention is needed elsewhere, making it harder to stay focused on tasks. This can feel like a constant stream of thoughts, ideas, or daydreams competing for attention. At the same time, activating the TPN - especially for tasks that are repetitive, boring, or lack immediate rewards - may require more effort.

Understanding the DMN, TPN, and SN help us move beyond the idea that attention is simply a matter of trying harder or discipline. Instead, it highlights how different brain networks influence focus, motivation, and engagement, and how brain differences could make this more challenging for individuals with ADHD. By working with the brain's natural systems, individuals with ADHD can build strategies that support attention while also appreciating the creativity and insight that often emerge from an active DMN. Outside of medical interventions for ADHD, therapy can be useful for assisting individuals with ADHD in developing priming skills to learn how to better activate the TPN and decrease the DMN.